ABSTRACT
Objective To detect the glycomacropeptide (GMP) content of human breast milk,and take it as reference of newborn infant formula milk powder to optimize the nutritional content of infant formulas.Methods Thirty primiparas who fit the following conditions were selected:healthy,no special diet habits,living stably,having adequate milk,aged between 25 to 39 years old,and term delivery,were selected.Then they were divided into 2 groups,the colostrum group and mature milk group,and each group had 15 cases.Each case had been collected of breast milk 5 mL(front milk).The gathering time of colostrum group was the 2nd day postpartum and mature milk group was the 42nd day postpartum.Hydrolyzing the breast milk by chymosin at 37 ℃,then the sialic acid(SA) content was detected by a sialic acid detection kit,and GMP content was represented by SA content.In addition,6 brands of formula milk powder were detected in the same way as breast milk after being made into standard liquid milk.The differences between groups were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results Best conditions for enzymolysis were:chymosin concentration 0.25 g/L,hydrolysis time 120 min.SA content of colostrum group was (3486.98 ± 406.70) mg/L,while mature milk group was (2687.95 ± 375.85) mg/L,as the former was significantly higher than the latter (P ＜ 0.01),but the differences between individuals within each group were small (CVco1 =0.12,CVma ilk =0.14).The average level of SA content of various infant formulas was (1196.93 ± 608.40)mg/L,which was significantly lower than colostrum and mature milk(all P ＜ 0.01).SA contents of various brands of formulas were various,and the difference among these brands was relatively big(CV =0.63).Conclusions The content of GMP in human colostrum was higher than that of the mature milk.The contents of the GMP in different brands of infant formula milk powder were uneven,and the measured values were quite different with human milk.However,because of the difference of the molecular weight of GMP and the number of amino acid residues between human milk and bovine milk,the amount of GMP required to achieve the same physiological effects may be different in breast milk and bovine milk.In order to optimize the nutritional content of infant formula,and make it even closer to human milk,it is necessary to further explore the best GMP content relative to human milk.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Oligosaccharides in human milk may protect infants by improving the intestinal micro-flora and fermentation. This study was to investigate effects of infant formula milk consisting of galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) on intestinal microbial populations and the fermentation characteristics in term infants in comparison with that of human milk.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The test formula (Frisolac H, Friesland, Netherland) was supplemented with GOS at a concentration of 0.24 g/dl. Human milk and another formula without oligosaccharides (Frisolac H, Friesland, Netherland) were used as positive and negative control respectively. Growth, stool characteristics, and side effects of the recruited infants were recorded after 3 and 6 months' follow-up, and the fecal species were collected for the analysis of intestinal micro-flora, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and pH.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At the end of 3- and 6-month feeding period, intestinal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli were significantly increased in infants fed with GOS supplemented formula and human milk when compared with infants fed with negative control formula; however, there was no statistically significant difference between GOS supplemented formula and human milk groups. Stool characteristics were influenced by the supplement and main fecal SCFA (acetic), and stool frequency were significantly increased in infants fed with GOS supplemented formula and human milk, while the fecal pH was significantly decreased as compared with that of negative control (P < 0.05). Supplementation had no influence on incidence of side effects (including crying, regurgitation and vomiting).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Supplementing infant formula with GOS at a concentration of 0.24 g/dl stimulates the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the intestine and stool characteristics are similar to in term infants fed with human milk.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Bifidobacterium , Dietary Supplements , Galactose , Infant Formula , Intestines , Microbiology , Lactobacillus , OligosaccharidesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>It is confirmed that most neonatal subependymal cysts (SEC) are closely correlated with intrauterine infection and the short-term prognosis of SEC is not very good. Little information about the long-term prognosis of SEC is available. The purpose of the present study was to explore the short-term and long-term prognosis of neonatal SEC cases via a 6-year follow up.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventy SEC neonates detected by cranial ultrasound between October 1993 and October 1994 were enrolled into SEC group and 70 healthy neonates into control group. Serum antibodies (IgG and IgM) to cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasma and rubella virus and PCR for these pathogens (except for rubella virus) were measured in the two groups. CMV-PCR was also performed for urine specimens. Cranial sonography assessment, physical growth evaluation, Bayley developmental scale or Wyeth developmental scale, brain-stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) and vision examination were undertaken at 3, 6, 12 months and 6 years in the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The positive rate of CMV-IgM and blood CMV-PCR in SEC group was significantly higher than those of control group (19.1% vs. 5.7%, 12.9% vs. 2.9%). The positive rate of urine CMV-PCR in SEC group was also significantly higher (40% vs 17.1%). No significant difference could be found in the positive rate of PCR for toxoplasma and rubella-IgM between the two groups. The weight and height of infants with SEC were obviously lower than those in control group during the first year after birth. The parameters of the physical development in SEC infants reached the similar level as controls till 6 years old. However, the index of mental development below 80 was more often seen in infants with SEC comparing to that in control group during the whole six years. There were no abnormal findings either in BAEP or vision examination in the two groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Infants with SEC may show a transient retardation of physical growth after birth, while their mental developmental retardation might last for longer time. It is suggested that cranial ultrasound examination should be performed in all neonates for the detection of SEC, and a longer follow-up should be done for infants with SEC.</p>